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[anses-04261882] Investigations into SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses on mink farms in France late in the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic
Soon after the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic in early 2020, the Betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 infection of several mink farms breeding American minks ( Neovison vison ) for fur was detected in various European countries. The risk of a new reservoir being formed and of a reverse zoonosis from minks quickly became a major concern. The aim of this study was to investigate the four French mink farms to see whether SARS-CoV-2 was circulating there in late 2020. The investigations took place during the slaughtering period, thus facilitating different types of sampling (swabs and blood). On one of the four mink farms, 96.6% of serum samples were positive when tested with a SARS-CoV-2 ELISA coated with purified N protein recombinant antigen, and 54 out of 162 (33%) pharyngo-tracheal swabs were positive by RT-qPCR. The genetic variability among 12 SARS-CoV-2 genomes sequenced from this farm indicated the co-circulation of several lineages at the time of sampling. All the SARS-CoV-2 genomes detected were nested within the 20A clade (Nextclade), together with SARS-CoV-2 genomes from humans sampled during the same period. The percentage of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity by ELISA varied between 0.3 and 1.1% on the other three farms. Interestingly, among these three farms, 11 pharyngo-tracheal swabs and 3 fecal pools from two farms were positive by end-point RT-PCR for an Alphacoronavirus very similar to a mink coronavirus sequence observed on Danish farms in 2015. In addition, a mink Caliciviridae was identified on one of the two farms positive for Alphacoronavirus . The clinical impact of these inapparent viral infections is not known. The co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 with other viruses on mink farms could help explain the diversity of clinical symptoms noted on different infected farms in Europe. In addition, the co-circulation of an Alphacoronavirus and SARS-CoV-2 on a mink farm would potentially increase the risk of viral recombination between alpha and betacoronaviruses as already suggested in wild and domestic animals, as well as in humans.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marine Wasniewski) 27 Oct 2023
https://anses.hal.science/anses-04261882v1
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[hal-04172440] Conserved and divergent arms of the antiviral response in the duplicated genomes of salmonid fishes
Antiviral innate immunity is orchestrated by the interferon system, which appeared in ancestors of jawed vertebrates. Interferon upregulation induces hundreds of interferon-stimulated-genes (ISGs) with effector or regulatory functions. Here we investigated the evolutionary diversification of ISG responses through comparison of two salmonid fishes, accounting for the impact of sequential whole genome duplications ancestral to teleosts and salmonids. We analysed the transcriptomic response of the IFN pathway in the head kidney of rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon, which separated 25-30 Mya. We identified a large set of ISGs conserved in both species and cross-referenced them with zebrafish and human ISGs. In contrast, around one-third of salmonid ISG lacked orthologs in human, mouse, chicken or frog, and often between rainbow trout and Atlantic salmon, revealing a fast-evolving, lineage-specific arm of the antiviral response. This study also provides a key resource for in-depth functional analysis of ISGs in salmonids of commercial significance.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Thomas C Clark) 27 Jul 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04172440v1
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[hal-04411441] Use of porcine intestinal organoids to study the transmissible gastroenteritis virus
To date, host-virus interactions have been studied mainly in cell cultures and/or animal models. These approaches come up against two problems: i) methodological, usually related to using immortalized cell lines, which can differ greatly from the target cells of the virus, and ii) ethical, related to experimenting with animals, which can induce varying degrees of symptoms and cause suffering and death. The recent development of organoids has made it possible to develop ex vivo models whose experimental conditions are significantly closer to physiological conditions. Using organoids makes it possible to plan to decrease animal experimentation greatly, in line with the 3Rs principle (Reduction, Refinement, Replacement), and each animal can potentially produce thousands of organoids from different tissues. The Viral Genetics and Biosafety Unit applies the porcine organoid system developed locally as part of the PigOrg project (of INRAE, ANSES and INSERM, funded by the Carnot Agrifood Transition Institute) to models of enteric coronavirosis in piglets, which has a strong impact on the pig industry. Here, we used the porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEv) as a model, for which several strains of varying virulence exist and which can be cultivated on immortalized cells, to establish protocols of infections of different organoids (jejunum, duodenum, and ileum). Infections seem more effective for the jejunum than for the duodenum or ileum, and for viruses isolated on cells than on organ homogenate. This organoid system, which connects in vitro and in vivo conditions, will open novel and original perspectives into understanding the physiopathology of virus infections, especially deciphering hostpathogen interactions, without always needing to rely on extensive animal experiments.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Maud Contrant) 23 Jan 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04411441v1
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[hal-04174029] Flying syringes for emerging enzootic virus screening: proof of concept for the devlopment of noninvasive xenosurveillance tools based on Tsetse flies
Pathogen transfers between wild and domestic animals and between animals and humans are increasing. Their dramatic consequences for public and veterinary health as well as for conservation call for innovative and user-friendly methods for pathogen surveillance in wildlife. Xenosurveillance, a method based on the use of invertebrates (e.g., mosquitoes, hematophagous flies, leeches, cadaveric arthropods) to sample animal tissues (e.g., blood) and the associated pathogens, is one of these tools. Previously, we demonstrated that hematophagous flies, such as tsetse flies, could be useful to detect and identify the etiological agents of malaria in a diverse range of mammals in Gabon. However, we did not assess whether this method can be also used to detect viruses. In the present study, we experimentally fed tsetse flies (Glossina fuscipes fuscipes) rabbit blood containing different viruses of medical or veterinary importance (Zika, Dengue, Chikungunya, African swine fever, Bluetongue, and peste des petits ruminants viruses). Then, we used quantitative PCR (i) to determine for how long viral nucleic acid fragments remained detectable in the tsetse midgut during blood digestion and (ii) to compare two blood meal preservation methods (i.e., FTA cards and RNAlater solution) tested using tsetse flies engorged with blood and dengue-2 virus. All viruses remained detectable for 6 days after feeding, although the detection probability significantly decreased over time. FTA cards and RNAlater solution gave similar results in terms of virus detection. Our results demonstrate that xenosurveillance using blood-engorged tsetse flies is a valuable tool to track and survey viruses in wildlife in Sub-Saharan Africa.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Adeline Valente) 25 Sep 2023
https://hal.science/hal-04174029v1
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[hal-04258691] Monophasic Variant of Salmonella Typhimurium Infection Affects the Serum Metabolome in Swine
Salmonella is the most relevant foodborne zoonotic agent found in swine, and its presence in French herds is significant. Its carriage is asymptomatic, which makes it difficult to detect during rearing, thus increasing the risk of its presence on pork meat. Studies have shown that enteric infection in animals could be associated with changes in the serum metabolome composition, through the immune response or changes in the digestive microbiota composition. We hypothesized that these changes in the serum metabolome composition could be used as markers for the detection of asymptomatic animals infected by Salmonella. Using untargeted analysis by liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, we showed that significant differences in the composition of the serum metabolome could be detected between infected or noninfected animals both 1 and 21 days after experimental infection. This serum metabolome composition significantly changed during the 21 days postinfection in the infected animal groups, suggesting an evolution of the impact of infection with time. Despite this evolution, differences in the serum metabolome composition persisted between infected and noninfected animals 21 days after the initial infection. We also showed a possible difference between high-shedding and low-shedding animals 21 days postinfection. Finally, some of the variations in the metabolome were found to be significantly associated with variations of specific members of the fecal microbiota. Thus, excreting and asymptomatic animals, but also high-shedding animals, could be identified on the basis of their serum metabolome composition.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Guillaume Larivière-Gauthier) 13 Feb 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04258691v1
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[hal-04172998] Deficiency in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia-associated Endoglin elicits hypoxia-driven heart failure in zebrafish
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a rare genetic disease caused by mutations affecting components of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling in endothelial cells. This disorder is characterized by arteriovenous malformations that are prone to rupture, and the ensuing hemorrhages are responsible for iron-deficiency anemia. Along with activin receptor-like kinase (ALK1), mutations in endoglin are associated with the vast majority of HHT cases. In this study, we characterized the zebrafish endoglin locus and demonstrated that it produces two phylogenetically conserved protein isoforms. Functional analysis of a CRISPR/Cas9 zebrafish endoglin mutant revealed that Endoglin deficiency is lethal during the course from juvenile stage to adulthood. Endoglin-deficient zebrafish develop cardiomegaly, resulting in heart failure and hypochromic anemia, which both stem from chronic hypoxia. endoglin mutant zebrafish display structural alterations of the developing gills and underlying vascular network that coincide with hypoxia. Finally, phenylhydrazine treatment demonstrated that lowering hematocrit/blood viscosity alleviates heart failure and enhances the survival of Endoglin-deficient fish. Overall, our data link Endoglin deficiency to heart failure and establish zebrafish as a valuable HHT model.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Etienne Lelièvre) 21 May 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04172998v1
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[hal-04149717] Combining two genetic sexing strains allows sorting of non-transgenic males for Aedes genetic control
Chemical control of disease vectoring mosquitoes Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti is costly, unsustainable, and increasingly ineffective due to the spread of insecticide resistance. The Sterile Insect Technique is a valuable alternative but is limited by slow, error-prone, and wasteful sex-separation methods. Here, we present four Genetic Sexing Strains (two for each Aedes species) based on fluorescence markers linked to the m and M sex loci, allowing for the isolation of transgenic males. Furthermore, we demonstrate how combining these sexing strains enables the production of non-transgenic males. In a mass-rearing facility, 100,000 first instar male larvae could be sorted in under 1.5 h with an estimated 0.01-0.1% female contamination on a single machine. Cost-efficiency analyses revealed that using these strains could result in important savings while setting up and running a mass-rearing facility. Altogether, these Genetic Sexing Strains should enable a major upscaling in control programmes against these important vectors.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Célia Lutrat) 04 Jul 2023
https://hal.science/hal-04149717v1
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[hal-04303778] Characterization of particles exhaled by swine infected with an Influenza virus
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Lyes Ait Ali Yahia) 23 Nov 2023
https://hal.u-pec.fr/hal-04303778v1
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[anses-04509732] Bacteroides fragilis : un probiotique nouvelle génération pour maîtriser Salmonella dans la filière porcine ?
[...]
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Valérie Rose) 18 Mar 2024
https://anses.hal.science/anses-04509732v1
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[hal-04484150] Experimental study of infection with a new genotype of swine influenza virus that has spread in France and evaluation of vaccine protection
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Céline Deblanc) 29 Feb 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04484150v1
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[hal-04429897] Et si le SARS-CoV-2 se transmettait sous forme de biofilm viral ?
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marie-Isabelle Thoulouze) 01 Feb 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04429897v1
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[hal-04431895] What about a transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through a viral biofilm?
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ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marie-Isabelle Thoulouze) 01 Feb 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04431895v1
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[hal-04158032] Expérimentation de vaccination des canards mulards en élevage contre un virus influenza aviaire hautement pathogène A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b
[...]
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Béatrice Grasland) 10 Jul 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04158032v1
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[hal-04229569] The Smallest Infectious Substructure Encoding the Prion Strain Structural Determinant Revealed by Spontaneous Dissociation of Misfolded Prion Protein Assemblies
It is commonly accepted that the prion replicative propensity and strain structural determinant (SSD) are encoded in the fold of PrPSc amyloid fibril assemblies. By exploring the quaternary structure dynamicity of several prion strains, we revealed that all mammalian prion assemblies exhibit the generic property of spontaneously generating two sets of discreet infectious tetrameric and dimeric species differing significantly by their specific infectivity. By using perturbation approaches such as dilution and ionic strength variation, we demonstrated that these two oligomeric species were highly dynamic and evolved differently in the presence of chaotropic agents. In general, our observations of seven different prion strains from three distinct species highlight the high dynamicity of PrPSc assemblies as a common and intrinsic property of mammalian prions. The existence of such small infectious PrPSc species harboring the SSD indicates that the prion infectivity and the SSD are not restricted only to the amyloid fold but can also be encoded in other alternative quaternary structures. Such diversity in the quaternary structure of prion assemblies tends to indicate that the structure of PrPSc can be divided into two independent folding domains: a domain encoding the strain structural determinant and a second domain whose fold determines the type of quaternary structure that could adopt PrPSc assemblies.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Jan Bohl) 23 Oct 2023
https://hal.science/hal-04229569v1
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[hal-04294675] Identification of a pharyngeal mucosal lymphoid organ in zebrafish and other teleosts: Tonsils in fish?
The constant exposure of the fish branchial cavity to aquatic pathogens causes local mucosal immune responses to be extremely important for their survival. Here, we used a marker for T lymphocytes/natural killer (NK) cells (ZAP70) and advanced imaging techniques to investigate the lymphoid architecture of the zebrafish branchial cavity. We identified a sub-pharyngeal lymphoid organ, which we tentatively named "Nemausean lymphoid organ" (NELO). NELO is enriched in T/NK cells, plasma/B cells, and antigen-presenting cells embedded in a network of reticulated epithelial cells. The presence of activated T cells and lymphocyte proliferation, but not V(D)J recombination or hematopoiesis, suggests that NELO is a secondary lymphoid organ. In response to infection, NELO displays structural changes including the formation of T/NK cell clusters. NELO and gill lymphoid tissues form a cohesive unit within a large mucosal lymphoid network. Collectively, we reveal an unreported mucosal lymphoid organ reminiscent of mammalian tonsils that evolved in multiple teleost fish familie
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Julien Resseguier) 20 Nov 2023
https://hal.science/hal-04294675v1
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[hal-04175595] Evaluation of a Lateral Flow Immunochromatography Assay (LFIA) for Diagnosis and Surveillance of Brucellosis in French Alpine Ibex (Capra ibex)
France has been officially free of bovine brucellosis since 2005. Nevertheless, in 2012, as the source of two human cases, a bovine outbreak due to B. melitensis biovar 3 was confirmed in the French Alpine Bargy massif, due to a spillover from wild, protected Alpine ibex (Capra ibex). In order to reduce high Brucella prevalence in the local ibex population, successive management strategies have been implemented. Lateral flow immunochromatography assay (LFIA) was thus identified as a promising on-site screening test, allowing for a rapid diagnosis far from the laboratory. This study compared a commercial LFIA for brucellosis diagnosis with the WOAH-recommended tests for small ruminants (i.e., Rose Bengal test (RBT), Complement fixation test, (CFT) and Indirect ELISA, (iELISA)). LFIA showed the same analytical sensitivity as iELISA on successive dilutions of the International Standard anti-Brucella melitensis Serum (ISaBmS) and the EU Goat Brucella Standard Serum (EUGBSS). Selectivity was estimated at 100% when vaccinated ibex sera were analyzed. When used on samples from naturally infected ibex, LFIA showed high concordance, as well as relative sensitivity and specificity (>97.25%) in comparison with RBT and CFT. This work shows high reliability and ensures a better standardization of LFIA testing for wild ruminants.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Luca Freddi) 02 Aug 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04175595v1
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[hal-04225874] Vaccine safety of a new toxoid-based vaccine against Clostridioides difficile infection in rabbits
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a serious healthcare-associated disease, causing symptoms such as diarrhea. The main virulence factors responsible for the disease’s symptoms are two secreted cytotoxic proteins, toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB). Treatment with antibiotics is difficult, as recurrent episodes of CDI usually occur in around 20-30% of patients after antibiotic therapy has ended. Several vaccines based on detoxified or recombinant forms of these toxins have been or are currently being tested in clinical trials. One of them is inactivated by formaldehyde, a method with obvious drawbacks. A new metal-catalyzed oxidation (MCO) method was used to detoxify the toxins while preserving the neutralizing epitopes. The aim of the project was therefore to combine these detoxified TxA and TxB toxins with a potent LiteVax adjuvant (LVA) to demonstrate vaccine safety and generate high levels of antibody responses in rabbits. For each study, 42 female rabbits, aged 8 weeks, were divided into 6 groups of 7 animals, each group vaccinated with different toxin concentrations (TxA between 5 and 20 µg and TxB between 20 and 80 µg) and different adjuvants (placebo, LVA adjuvant or alum). Each group was vaccinated three times at 14-day intervals by intramuscular route. Every day, the rabbits were observed for behavioral and feeding problems. Weekly kinetics were performed to determine serum and neutralizing antibody titers (against TcdA and TcdB), blood counts (cell populations) and inflammatory cytokines. White blood cell count and neutrophil percentage increased one day after immunization with LVA, but little or not with alum. Antibody titers were similar to those obtained with a conventional formaldehyde-inactivated CDI vaccine adjuvanted with alum. Alum enhanced antibody responses against TcdA but not against TcdB. LVA adjuvant generated significantly higher antibody responses against TcdB compared to alum. Histopathological analysis of the injection sites 42 days after the last injection showed no abnormal tissue reaction. In conclusion, MCO is an alternative method for the production of safe and immunogenic toxoid antigens, and TxA and TxB in combination with LVA adjuvant is a very interesting vaccine candidate against CDI.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Aria Aminzadeh) 03 Oct 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04225874v1
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[hal-04332121] A pig model of chronic hepatitis E displaying persistent viremia and a downregulation of innate immune responses in the liver
Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a zoonotic virus transmitted by pig meat and responsible for chronic hepatitis E in immunocompromised patients. It has proved challenging to reproduce this disease in its natural reservoir. We therefore aimed to develop a pig model of chronic hepatitis E to improve the characterization of this disease. Methods: Ten pigs were treated with a tacrolimus-based regimen and intravenously inoculated with HEV. Tacrolimus trough concentration, HEV viremia, viral diversity, innate immune responses, liver histology, clinical disease and biochemical markers were monitored for 11 weeks post-infection (p.i.). Results: HEV viremia persisted for 11 weeks p.i. HEV RNA was detected in the liver, small intestine, and colon at necropsy. Histological analysis revealed liver inflammation and fibrosis. Several mutations selected in the HEV genome were associated with compartmentalization in the feces and intestinal tissues, consistent with the hypothesis of extrahepatic replication in the digestive tract. Antiviral responses were characterized by a downregulation of IFN pathways in the liver, despite an upregulation of RIG-I and ISGs in the blood and liver. Conclusions: We developed a pig model of chronic hepatitis E that reproduced the major hallmarks of this disease. This model revealed a compartmentalization of HEV genomes in the digestive tract and a downregulation of innate immune responses in the liver. These original features highlight the relevance of our model for studies of the pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis E and for validating future treatments.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Nancy León-Janampa) 08 Dec 2023
https://hal.science/hal-04332121v1
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[hal-04127637] DNA methylation and gene expression changes in mouse mammary tissue during successive lactations: part I – the impact of inflammation
Mastitis is among the main reasons women cease breastfeeding, which leads to them supplementing breast milk with artificial formula. In farm animals, mastitis results in significant economic losses and the premature culling of some animals. Nevertheless, researchers do not know enough about the effect of inflammation on the mammary gland. This article discusses the changes to DNA methylation in mouse mammary tissue caused by lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation (4 h post-injection of lipopolysaccharide). We analysed the expression of some genes related to mammary gland function, epigenetic regulation, and the immune response. The analysis focused on three comparisons: inflammation during the first lactation, inflammation during second lactation with no history of inflammation, and inflammation during second lactation with previous inflammation. We identified differentially methylated cytosines (DMCs), differentially methylated regions (DMRs), and some differentially expressed genes (DEGs) for each comparison. The three comparisons shared some DEGs; however, few DMCs and only one DMR were shared. These observations suggest that inflammation is one of several factors affecting epigenetic regulation during successive lactations. Furthermore, the comparison between animals in second lactation with and without inflammation, with no inflammation history during first lactation showed a different pattern compared to the other conditions in this experiment. This indicates that inflammation history plays an important role in determining epigenetic changes. The data presented in this study suggest that lactation rank and previous inflammation history are equally important when explaining mammary tissue gene expression and DNA methylation changes.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (E. Ivanova) 14 Jun 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04127637v1
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[hal-04416438] Microbiota promotes recruitment and pro-inflammatory response of caecal macrophages during E. tenella infection
Background: Eimeria genus belongs to the apicomplexan parasite phylum and is responsible for coccidiosis, an intestinal disease with a major economic impact on poultry production. Eimeria tenella is one of the most virulent species in chickens. In a previous study, we showed a negative impact of caecal microbiota on the physiopathology of this infection. However, the mechanism by which microbiota leads to the physiopathology remained undetermined. Macrophages play a key role in inflammatory processes and their interaction with the microbiota during E. tenella infection have never been investigated. We therefore examined the impact of microbiota on macrophages during E. tenella infection. Macrophages were monitored in caecal tissues by immunofluorescence staining with KUL01 antibody in non-infected and infected germ-free and conventional chickens. Caecal cells were isolated, stained, analyzed and sorted to examine their gene expression using high-throughput qPCR. Results: We demonstrated that microbiota was essential for caecal macrophage recruitment in E. tenella infection. Furthermore, microbiota promoted a pro-inflammatory transcriptomic profile of macrophages characterized by increased gene expression of NOS2, ACOD1, PTGS2, TNFα, IL1β, IL6, IL8L1, IL8L2 and CCL20 in infected chickens. Administration of caecal microbiota from conventional chickens to germ-free infected chickens partially restored macrophage recruitment and response. Conclusions: Taken together, these results suggest that the microbiota enhances the physiopathology of this infection through macrophage recruitment and activation. Consequently, strategies involving modulation of the gut microbiota may lead to attenuation of the macrophage-mediated inflammatory response, thereby limiting the negative clinical outcome of the disease.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Florian Tomal) 25 Jan 2024
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04416438v1
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[hal-04171718] Développement d'un modèle murin de plaies pseudo-chroniques et soins péri-opératoires associés à la gestion de la douleur
[...]
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Christelle Rossignol) 26 Jul 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04171718v1
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[hal-04187670] The caecal microbiota promotes the acute inflammatory response and the loss of the intestinal barrier integrity during severe Eimeria tenella infection
Introduction Coccidiosis, a disease caused by intestinal apicomplexan parasites Eimeria , is a threat to poultry production. Eimeria tenella is one of the most pathogenic species, frequently causing a high prevalence of opportunistic infections. Objective The objective of this study is to investigate the role of the microbiota in the pathogenesis of severe Eimeria tenella infection. Methods We have previously shown that microbiota can promote parasite development. To study the effect of the microbiota on the pathogenesis of this infection, we used an experimental condition (inoculum of 10 000 oocysts E. tenella INRAE ) in which the parasite load is similar between germ-free and conventional broilers at 7 days post-infection (pi). Thirteen conventional and 24 germ-free chickens were infected. Among this latter group, 12 remained germ-free and 12 received a microbiota from conventional healthy chickens at 4 days pi. Caeca and spleens were collected at 7 days pi. Results Our results demonstrated caecal lesions and epithelium damage in conventional chickens at 7 days pi but not in germ-free infected chickens. Administration of conventional microbiota to germ-free chickens partially restored these deleterious effects. At day 7 pi, both infected conventional and germ-free chickens exhibited increased gene expression of inflammatory mediators, including IL15, IFNγ, TNFα and the anti-inflammatory mediator SOCS1 , whereas the inflammatory mediators CXCLi2, CCL20, IL18, CSF1, NOS2, PTGS2, IL1β, IL6 , the receptor CCR2 , and the anti-inflammatory mediators TGFβ1 and IL10 were upregulated only in infected conventional chickens. Notably, the IL18, PTGS2 gene expression was significantly higher in the infected conventional group. Overall, the inflammatory response enhanced by the microbiota might be in part responsible for higher lesion scores. Epithelial tight junction protein gene expression analysis revealed a significant upregulation of CLDN1 with the infection and microbiota, indicating a potential loss of the intestinal barrier integrity. Conclusion These observations imply that, during E. tenella infection, the caecal microbiota could trigger an acute inflammatory response, resulting in a loss of intestinal integrity. Increase in bacterial translocation can then lead to the likelihood of opportunistic infections. Hence, modulating the microbiota may offer a promising strategy for improving poultry gut health and limiting caecal coccidiosis.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Florian Tomal) 25 Aug 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04187670v1
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[hal-04175372] Differential Salmonella Typhimurium intracellular replication and host cell responses in caecal and ileal organoids derived from chicken
Chicken infection with Salmonella Typhimurium is an important source of foodborne human diseases. Salmonella colonizes the avian intestinal tract and more particularly the caecum, without causing symptoms. This thus poses a challenge for the prevention of foodborne transmission. Until now, studies on the interaction of Salmonella with the avian gut intestine have been limited by the absence of in vitro intestinal culture models. Here, we established intestinal crypt‐derived chicken organoids to better decipher the impact of Salmonella intracellular replication on avian intestinal epithelium. Using a 3D organoid model, we observed a significantly higher replication rate of the intracellular bacteria in caecal organoids than in ileal organoids. Our model thus recreates intracellular environment, allowing Salmonella replication of avian epithelium according to the intestinal segment. Moreover, an inhibition of the cellular proliferation was observed in infected ileal and caecal organoids compared to uninfected organoids. This appears with a higher effect in ileal organoids, as well as a higher cytokine and signaling molecule response in infected ileal organoids at 3 h post-infection (hpi) than in caecal organoids that could explain the lower replication rate of Salmonella observed later at 24 hpi. To conclude, this study demonstrates that the 3D organoid is a model allowing to decipher the intracellular impact of Salmonella on the intestinal epithelium cell response and illustrates the importance of the gut segment used to purify stem cells and derive organoids to specifically study epithelial cell - Salmonella interaction.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Sonia Lacroix-Lamandé) 02 Aug 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04175372v1
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[hal-03947262] Inflammatory Responses Induced by the Monophasic Variant of Salmonella Typhimurium in Pigs Play a Role in the High Shedder Phenotype and Fecal Microbiota Composition
Pigs infected with Salmonella may excrete large amounts of Salmonella, increasing the risk of spread of this pathogen in the food chain. Identifying Salmonella high shedder pigs is therefore required to mitigate this risk. We analyzed immune-associated markers and composition of the gut microbiota in specific-pathogen-free pigs presenting different shedding levels after an oral infection with Salmonella. Immune response was studied through total blood cell counts, production of anti-Salmonella antibodies and cytokines, and gene expression quantification. Total Salmonella shedding for each pig was estimated and hierarchical clustering was used to cluster pigs into high, intermediate, and low shedders. Gut microbiota compositions were assessed using 16S rRNA microbial community profiling. Comparisons were made between control and inoculated pigs, then between high and low shedders pigs. Prior to infection, high shedders had similar immunological profiles compared to low shedders. As soon as 1 day postinoculation (dpi), significant differences on the cytokine production level and on the expression level of several host genes related to a proinflammatory response were observed between high and low shedders. Infection with Salmonella induced an early and profound remodeling of the immune response in all pigs, but the intensity of the response was stronger in high shedders. In contrast, low shedders seroconverted earlier than high shedders. Just after induction of the proinflammatory response (at 2 dpi), some taxa of the fecal microbiota were specific to the shedding phenotypes. This was related to the enrichment of several functional pathways related to anaerobic respiration in high shedders. In conclusion, our data show that the immune response to Salmonella modifies the fecal microbiota and subsequently could be responsible for shedding phenotypes. Influencing the gut microbiota and reducing intestinal inflammation could be a strategy for preventing Salmonella high shedding in livestock. IMPORTANCE Salmonellosis remains the most frequent human foodborne zoonosis after campylobacteriosis and pork meat is considered one of the major sources of human foodborne infections. At the farm, host heterogeneity in pig infection is problematic. High Salmonella shedders contribute more significantly to the spread of this foodborne pathogen in the food chain. The identification of predictive biomarkers for high shedders could help to control Salmonella in pigs. The purpose of the present study was to investigate why some pigs become super shedders and others low shedders. We thus investigated the differences in the fecal microbial composition and the immune response in orally infected pigs presenting different Salmonella shedding patterns. Our data show that the proinflammatory response induced by S. Typhimurium at 1 dpi could be responsible for the modification of the fecal microbiota composition and functions observed mainly at 2 and 3 dpi and to the low and super shedder phenotypes.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Florent Kempf) 19 Apr 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03947262v1
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[hal-04143368] Physiopathology of Eimeria tenella infection and integrity of the intestinal barrier: influence of the microbiota
Eimeria tenella infection results in a severe intestinal disease leading to high economic impact in poultry industry. Coccidiosis is frequently associated with a high prevalence of opportunistic infections. Our objective was to study the importance of the microbiota on the physiopathology of the infection. Using an original model of germ-free and conventional broilers, our results show that, at a similar parasite load, lesions caused by E. tenella are dependent on the microbiota. At seven days post-infection, an increase of some inflammatory mediators is detected in the caecal tissue both in conventional and germ-free chickens whereas other inflammatory mediators are expressed only in a microbiota-dependent manner. Del Cacho et al 2014 showed that the neutralization of IL17A led to less lesions. In our study, IL-17A is increased only in conventional infected chickens. Administration of a conventional microbiota to germ-free chickens 4 days after infection restored caecal lesions and the expression of IL-17A. Among inflammatory cells producing IL-17A, we showed that T cells were the major producers suggesting that these cells may play a role in the physiopathology of this infection. Lesions represent a rupture of the intestinal barrier, which, at homeostasis, protects against invasion of commensal bacteria. Using a non-pathogenic E. coli strain administered by oral route, we confirmed a dissemination in the spleen during E. tenella infection. In conclusion, in E. tenella infection, the microbiota facilitates with a strong inflammatory response and the alteration of the intestinal barrier leading to bacterial translocation responsible for opportunistic infections.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Guillaume Sadrin) 27 Jun 2023
https://hal.science/hal-04143368v1
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[hal-04171667] Établissement d'un modèle d'anse intestinale chez l'agneau nouveau-né afin d'évaluer de nouvelles méthodes de lutte contre les maladies entériques et de réduire l'utilisation d'animaux de laboratoire
Dans le but d'évaluer des alternatives naturelles pour contrôler la cryptosporidiose, infection entérique parasitaire affectant principalement les jeunes ruminants d'espèce de rente mais également l'être humain (zoonose), nous utilisons les agneaux comme espèce cible et comme modèle pour les animaux de plus grande taille comme les veaux. Nous avons pour objectif de stimuler les réponses immunitaires des animaux dès la naissance avec du colostrum supplémenté avec des produits naturels tels que des produits dérivés de levures qui contiennent des ligands des récepteurs de l'immunité innée. Cependant, la tolérance immunitaire intestinale s'installe rapidement après la naissance en réponse à la colonisation microbienne débutant dès la mise-bas par voie naturelle et par la suite via le colostrum, le lait et les multiples contacts avec l'environnement, et se caractérise par une hypo-réactivité aux antigènes microbiens (cf. modèles murins). Nous avons donc développé le modèle de chirurgie des anses intestinales sur agneaux nouveau-nés mis au monde par césarienne (et donc sans flore commensale) adapté à l'étude des interactions hôte-agent pathogène dans un environnement contrôlé et à l'évaluation de nouveaux composés antiparasitaires naturels in vivo. La possibilité de comparer différents produits naturels simultanément ainsi que des effets doses sur ce modèle, permet de réduire considérablement le nombre d’animaux expérimentaux à utiliser. Pour faciliter la réalisation de ces protocoles expérimentaux, nous utilisons notre troupeau d'ovins qui synchronise les mises-bas. Le jour de la chirurgie, la brebis est transférée dans la salle de chirurgie (confinement de niveau 2). Une césarienne est pratiquée et les agneaux sont réanimés. Après une courte phase de récupération, un agneau est choisi et transféré en salle de chirurgie. Il est installé sur une table de réanimation néonatale. Le protocole d'anesthésie / analgésie comprend : induction au masque (isoflurane), pose d'une sonde endotrachéale sous anesthésie locale (xylocaïne), maintien sous isoflurane (ventilation contrôlée), analgésie parentérale (buprénorphine), pose d'un cathéter veineux et mise sous perfusion, anesthésie locale traçante (lidocaïne). Pendant toute la procédure, les paramètres suivants sont surveillés : fréquences cardiaque et respiratoire, température rectale, SaO2, ETCO2. Une chirurgie à 4 mains est ensuite réalisée : - Extériorisation de la jonction iléo-caecale (IC) et de la portion distale de l'intestin grêle (IG)) ; - Ligatures avec création en général de triplicats - séparés par un inter-segment vide de "sécurité", y compris en amont et en aval de l'anse - (9 triplicats pour une anse de 50 cm environ) ; - Entérotomie en aval de l'anse ainsi créée, à proximité de la jonction IC, suture de l'intestin du côté de l'anse, puis idem en amont ; - Anastomose termino-terminale ; - Injection des préparations d'intérêt dans chaque segment. Pendant la chirurgie, une irrigation régulière de la portion externalisée de l'intestin est réalisée au sérum physiologique tiédi.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Nathalie Kasal-Hoc) 26 Jul 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04171667v1
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[hal-04172380] Haemonchus contortus Adopt Isolate-Specific Life History Strategies to Optimize Fitness and Overcome Obstacles in Their Environment: Experimental Evidence
Gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) use flexible life history strategies to maintain their fitness under environmental challenges. Costs incurred by a challenge to one life trait can be recouped by increasing the expression of subsequent life traits throughout their life cycle. Anticipating how parasites respond to the challenge of control interventions is critical for the long-term sustainability of the practice and to further ensure that the parasites withstand favourable adaptive responses. There is currently limited information on whether distinct populations of a GIN species respond to the same environmental challenge in a consistent manner, with similar alterations to their life history strategies or comparable fitness outcomes. This study compared the life history traits and experimental fitness of three distinct Haemonchus contortus isolates exposed to environmental challenges at both the parasitic (i.e., passage through resistant or susceptible sheep) and free-living (i.e., exposure to diverse climatic conditions) life stages. The key findings show that H. contortus maintain their fitness under challenge with isolate-specific alterations to their life history strategies. Further, partial exploration of the H. contortus isolates transcriptomes using cDNA-AFLP methods confirmed disparate expression profiles between them. These results bring fresh insights into our understanding of the non-genetic adaptive processes of GIN that may hinder the efficacy of parasite control strategies.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Caroline Chylinski) 27 Jul 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04172380v1
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[hal-04205854] In ovo administration of a phage cocktail partially prevents colibacillosis in chicks
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) causes colibacillosis, the main bacterial disease in poultry leading to significant economic losses worldwide. Antibiotic treatments favor the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, and preventive measures are insufficient to control the disease. There is increasing interest in using the potential of bacteriophages, not only for phage therapy but also for prevention and biocontrol. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a phage cocktail administered in ovo to prevent avian colibacillosis in chicks. When 4 different phages (REC, ESCO3, ESCO47, and ESCO58), stable under avian physiological conditions, were combined and inoculated at 17 embryogenic days (ED), they were transmitted to the newly hatched chicks. In a second trial, the 4-phage cocktail was inoculated into the allantoic fluid at ED16 and after hatch 1-day-old chicks were challenged with the O2 APEC strain BEN4358 inoculated subcutaneously. Two phages (REC and ESCO3) were still detected in the ceca of surviving chicks at the end of the experiment (7-days postinfection). Chicks that received the phages in ovo did not develop colibacillosis lesions and showed a significant decrease in intestinal BEN4358 load (8.00 × 107 CFU/g) compared to the challenged chicks (4.52 × 108 CFU/g). The majority of the reisolated bacteria from the ceca of surviving chicks had developed full resistance to ESCO3 phage, and only 3 were resistant to REC phage. The partially or complete resistance of REC phage induced a considerable cost to bacterial virulence. Here, we showed that phages inoculated in ovo can partially prevent colibacillosis in 1-wk-old chicks. The reduction in the APEC load in the gut and the decreased virulence of some resistant isolates could also contribute to control the disease.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marianne Nicolas) 13 Sep 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04205854v1
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[hal-04167063] Neutrophils expressing major histocompatibility complex class II molecules circulate in blood and milk during mastitis and show high microbicidal activity
Bovine mastitis is mainly caused by bacterial infection and is responsible for important economic losses as well as alterations of the health and welfare of animals. The increase in somatic cell count (SCC) in milk during mastitis is mainly due to the influx of neutrophils, which have a crucial role in the elimination of pathogens. For a long time, these first-line defenders have been viewed as microbe killers, with a limited role in the orchestration of the immune response. However, their role is more complex: we recently characterized a bovine neutrophil subset expressing major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) molecules (MHC-II pos), usually distributed on antigen-presenting cells, as having regulatory capacities in cattle. In this study, our objective was to evaluate the implication of different neutrophils subsets in the mammary gland immunity during clinical and subclinical mastitis. Using flow cytometry, we analyzed the presence of MHC-II pos neutrophils in blood and in milk during clinical mastitis at different time points of inflammation (n = 10 infected quarters) and during subclinical mastitis, defined as the presence of bacteria and an SCC >150,000 cells/ mL (n = 27 infected quarters). Our results show, for the first time, that in blood and milk, neutrophils are a heterogeneous population and encompass at least 2 subsets distinguishable by their expression of MHC-II. In milk without mastitis, we observed higher production of reactive oxygen species and higher phagocytosis capacity of MHC-II pos neutrophils compared with their MHC-II neg counterparts, indicating the high bactericidal capacities of MHC-II pos neutrophils. MHC-II pos neutrophils are enriched in milk compared with blood during subclinical mastitis but not during clinical mastitis. Moreover, we observed a positive and highly significant correlation between MHC-II pos neutrophils and T lymphocytes present in milk during subclinical mastitis. Our experiments involved a total of 47 cows (40 Holstein and 7 Normande cows). To conclude, our study opens the way to the discovery of new biomarkers of mastitis inflammation.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marion Rambault) 20 Jul 2023
https://hal.science/hal-04167063v1
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[hal-04168152] Overexpression of Eimeria tenella Rhoptry Kinase 2 Induces Early Production of Schizonts
Eimeria tenella is an obligate intracellular parasite responsible for avian coccidiosis. Like other apicomplexan parasites, such as Toxoplasma gondii, cell invasion and intracellular development rely on apical organelle content discharge, named micronemes and rhoptries. Some rhoptry (ROP) kinases (ROPK) are key virulence factors in T. gondii. To date, among the 28 ropk genes carried by E. tenella, only two to four were confirmed by proteomic analysis or immunostaining to be expressed at the sporozoite stage. We have previously shown that EtROP1 is implicated in the inhibition of host cell apoptosis by interacting with the cellular p53. This work functionally described the second ROP kinase expressed at the sporozoite stage in E. tenella. EtROP2 is an active kinase that phosphorylates cell substrates of approximately 50 kDa. Its overexpression leads to the shortening of the prepatent period and to the early development of first-generation schizonts. Conduction of RNA sequencing analysis and reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) on the host cell allowed us to identify the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and the transcription factor cFos to be upregulated by EtROP2. We also showed by immunofluorescence assay that the active kinase EtROP2 is implicated in the p38 MAPK pathway activation. We established here that EtROP2 activates the p38 MAPK pathway through a direct or indirect phosphorylation, leading to the overexpression of the master transcription factor cFos known to be implicated in E. tenella development. IMPORTANCE Rhoptries are specialized secretory organelles found in zoite stages of apicomplexan parasites. In addition to well-conserved rhoptry neck proteins, their protein consists mostly of kinase proteins, highly divergent from eukaryotic kinases. Some of those kinases are described as major virulence factors in Toxoplasma gondii, secreted into the host cell to hijack signaling pathways. Most of those kinases remain to be characterized in Eimeria tenella. Deciphering their cellular function is a prerequisite to supporting their relevance as a druggable target in development of new means of Eimeria tenella control. Secreted divergent kinases that interact with host cell partners to modulate pathways are good candidates, as they coevolve with their host targets to ensure their function within the host and are less prone to mutations that would lead to drug resistance. The absence of any orthologous kinase in host cells makes these parasite kinases a promising drug target candidate.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Adeline Ribeiro E Silva) 21 Jul 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04168152v1
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[hal-04167471] Isolation and Characterization of a Novel Phage Collection against Avian-Pathogenic Escherichia coli
The increase in antibiotic-resistant avian-pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC), the causative agent of colibacillosis in poultry, warrants urgent research and the development of alternative therapies. This study describes the isolation and characterization of 19 genetically diverse, lytic coliphages, 8 of which were tested in combination for their efficacy in controlling in ovo APEC infections. Genome homology analysis revealed that the phages belong to nine different genera, one of them being a novel genus (Nouzillyvirus). One phage, REC, was derived from a recombination event between two Phapecoctavirus phages (ESCO5 and ESCO37) isolated in this study. Twenty-six of the 30 APEC strains tested were lysed by at least one phage. Phages exhibited varying infectious capacities, with narrow to broad host ranges. The broad host range of some phages could be partially explained by the presence of receptor-binding protein carrying a polysaccharidase domain. To demonstrate their therapeutic potential, a phage cocktail consisting of eight phages belonging to eight different genera was tested against BEN4358, an APEC O2 strain. In vitro, this phage cocktail fully inhibited the growth of BEN4358. In a chicken lethality embryo assay, the phage cocktail enabled 90% of phage-treated embryos to survive infection with BEN4358, compared with 0% of nontreated embryos, indicating that these novel phages are good candidates to successfully treat colibacillosis in poultry. IMPORTANCE Colibacillosis, the most common bacterial disease affecting poultry, is mainly treated by antibiotics. Due to the increased prevalence of multidrug-resistant avian-pathogenic Escherichia coli, there is an urgent need to assess the efficacy of alternatives to antibiotherapy, such as phage therapy. Here, we have isolated and characterized 19 coliphages that belong to nine phage genera. We showed that a combination of 8 of these phages was efficacious in vitro to control the growth of a clinical isolate of E. coli. Used in ovo, this phage combination allowed embryos to survive APEC infection. Thus, this phage combination represents a promising treatment for avian colibacillosis.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marianne Nicolas) 20 Jul 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04167471v1
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[hal-03955969] The influences of microbial colonisation and germ-free status on the chicken TCRβ repertoire
Microbial colonisation is paramount to the normal development of the immune system, particularly at mucosal sites. However, the relationships between the microbiome and the adaptive immune repertoire have mostly been explored in rodents and humans. Here, we report a high-throughput sequencing analysis of the chicken TCRβ repertoire and the influences of microbial colonisation on tissue-resident TCRβ+ cells. The results reveal that the microbiome is an important driver of TCRβ diversity in both intestinal tissues and the bursa of Fabricius, but not in the spleen. Of note, public TCRβ sequences (shared across individuals) make a substantial contribution to the repertoire. Additionally, different tissues exhibit biases in terms of their V family and J gene usage, and these effects were influenced by the gut-associated microbiome. TCRβ clonal expansions were identified in both colonised and germ-free birds, but differences between the groups were indicative of an influence of the microbiota. Together, these findings provide an insight into the avian adaptive immune system and the influence of the microbiota on the TCRβ repertoire.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Stefan Dascalu) 25 Jan 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-03955969v1
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[hal-04160330] The pUL51 Tegument Protein Is Essential for Marek’s Disease Virus Growth In Vitro and Bears a Function That Is Critical for Pathogenesis In Vivo
pUL51 is a minor tegument protein important for viral assembly and cell-to-cell spread (CCS) but dispensable for replication in cell culture of all Herpesviruses for which its role has been investigated. Here, we show that pUL51 is essential for the growth of Marek's disease virus, an oncogenic alphaherpesvirus of chickens that is strictly cell-associated in cell culture. MDV pUL51 localized to the Golgi apparatus of infected primary skin fibroblasts, as described for other Herpesviruses. However, the protein was also observed at the surface of lipid droplets in infected chicken keratinocytes, hinting at a possible role of this compartment for viral assembly in the unique cell type involved in MDV shedding in vivo. Deletion of the C-terminal half of pUL51 or fusion of GFP to either the N- or C-terminus were sufficient to disable the protein's essential function(s). However, a virus with a TAP domain fused at the C-terminus of pUL51 was capable of replication in cell culture, albeit with viral spread reduced by 35% and no localization to lipid droplets. In vivo, we observed that although the replication of this virus was moderately impacted, its pathogenesis was strongly impaired. This study describes for the first time the essential role of pUL51 in the biology of a herpesvirus, its association to lipid droplets in a relevant cell type, and its unsuspected role in the pathogenesis of a herpesvirus in its natural host. IMPORTANCE Viruses usually spread from cell to cell through two mechanisms: cell-released virus and/or cell-to-cell spread (CCS). The molecular determinants of CCS and their importance in the biology of viruses during infection of their natural host are unclear. Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a deadly and highly contagious herpesvirus of chickens that produces no cell-free particles in vitro, and therefore, spreads only through CCS in cell culture. Here, we show that viral protein pUL51, an important factor for CCS of Herpesviruses, is essential for MDV growth in vitro. We demonstrate that the fusion of a large tag at the C-terminus of the protein is sufficient to moderately impair viral replication in vivo and almost completely abolish pathogenesis while only slightly reducing viral growth in vitro. This study thus uncovers a role for pUL51 associated with virulence, linked to its C-terminal half, and possibly independent of its essential functions in CCS.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (David Pasdeloup) 20 Jul 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04160330v1
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[hal-04116796] DNA methylation and gene expression changes in mouse mammary tissue during successive lactations: part II – the impact of lactation rank
Mastitis is among the main reasons women cease breastfeeding. In farm animals, mastitis results in significant economic losses and the premature culling of some animals. Nevertheless, the effect of inflammation on the mammary gland is not completely understood. This article discusses the changes to DNA methylation in mouse mammary tissue caused by lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation after in vivo intramammary challenges and the differences in DNA methylation between 1st and 2nd lactations. Lactation rank induces 981 differential methylations of cytosines (DMCs) in mammary tissue. Inflammation in 1st lactation compared to inflammation in 2nd lactation results in the identification of 964 DMCs. When comparing inflammation in 1st vs. 2nd lactations with previous inflammation history, 2590 DMCs were identified. Moreover, Fluidigm PCR data show changes in the expression of several genes related to mammary function, epigenetic regulation, and the immune response. We show that the epigenetic regulation of two successive physiological lactations is not the same in terms of DNA methylation and that the effect of lactation rank on DNA methylation is stronger than that of the onset of inflammation. The conditions presented here show that few DMCs are shared between comparisons, suggesting a specific epigenetic response depending on lactation rank, the presence of inflammation, and even whether the cells had previously suffered inflammation. In the long term, this information could lead to a better understanding of the epigenetic regulation of lactation in both physiological and pathological conditions.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (E Ivanova) 05 Jun 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04116796v1
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[hal-04226077] Evaluation des effets du traitement au plasma à froid sur le processus de cicatrisation des plaies pseudo-chroniques chez la souris : nouveau traitement alternatif aux antibiotiques
Les plaies chroniques constituent un problème de santé publique majeur, impactant à la fois les systèmes de soins et les patients victimes d’infections nosocomiales. Ces dernières années, l’apparition de résistances aux antibiotiques empêche une lutte efficace contre ces bactéries qui infectent ces plaies, empêchant par la même occasion une cicatrisation déjà altérée par certaines maladies (diabète). Afin de limiter l’utilisation répétée d’antibiotiques et de lutter contre les bactéries multirésistantes, une nouvelle technologie alternative a été créée : le traitement plasma froid. L’objectif est de mettre en évidence les effets du traitement plasma froid sur le processus de cicatrisation afin de tester ultérieurement comme d’éventuels traitements alternatifs pour lutter contre les bactéries résistantes aux antibiotiques. Les expérimentations ont été réalisées sur des souris C57Bl/6 et DBA/2 réparties en 3 lots de 18 souris par traitement (contrôle, plasma KinPen® (Argon) et plasma Multijet (Hélium/Oxygène). Selon un processus chirurgical préalablement défini, deux plaies dorsales de 4,5 mm ont été générées. Des attelles stériles en silicone ont été fixées autour des plaies et recouvertes d’un pansement pendant 5 jours. Des injections antalgiques et analgésiques ont été réalisées en phase post-opératoire pour limiter la douleur. Après retrait des attèles, les plaies ont été traitées pendant 1 minute durant 5 jours consécutifs par plasmas froids. Un suivi zootechnique et comportemental ont également été réalisés. Enfin, l’évolution des plaies a été scorée et la cicatrisation analysée par histologie. Une perte de poids a été constatée à J2 post-opératoire, avant un retour à la normale chez toutes les souris. Entre chaque traitement, une différence de lignée a été observé, montrant que la lignée C57bL/6 cicatrise plus vite que la lignée DBA/2, ce qui est amplifié par les traitements plasma à froid. Cependant, les deux traitements n’ont pas d’impact sur processus de cicatrisation, qui reste comparable à celui en absence de traitement. En conclusion, les deux lignées murines semblent présenter une constitution tissulaire différente influençant la cicatrisation de la peau. Il reste donc déterminer si ces traitements plasmas froids seront capables de désinfecter des plaies pseudochroniques infectées par S. aureus.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Christelle Rossignol) 03 Oct 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04226077v1
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[hal-04129892] The Brown Alga Bifurcaria bifurcata Presents an Anthelmintic Activity on All Developmental Stages of the Parasitic Nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri
The current control of gastrointestinal (GI) parasitic nematodes mainly relies on the widespread use of anthelmintics, which has inevitably led to resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to find new sources of antiparasitic compounds. Macroalgae represent a rich source of active molecules and are widely described as having medicinal properties. In the present study, we investigated the potential anthelmintic activity of aqueous extracts from three species of algae (Bifurcaria bifurcata, Grateloupia turuturu and Osmundea pinnatifida) on the murine parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri. Using a set of complementary in vitro tests, including larval development assays, egg hatching tests and nematicidal activity assays on larvae and adults, we report the nematicidal activity of aqueous extracts of B. bifurcata. In addition, aqueous extract fractionation using liquid/liquid partitioning with a solvent of increasing polarity was performed in order to identify the groups of active molecules underlying the anthelmintic activity. Non-polar extracts (heptane, ethyl acetate) demonstrated high anthelmintic potential, highlighting the role of non-polar metabolites such as terpenes. Here, we highlight the strong anthelmintic potential of the brown alga B. bifurcata on a mouse model of GI parasites, thus confirming the strong interest in algae as natural alternatives for the control of parasitic nematodes.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Morgane Miclon) 15 Jun 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04129892v1
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[anses-04228409] Controlled Experimental Infection in Pigs with a Strain of Yersinia enterocolitica Harboring Genetic Markers for Human Pathogenicity: Colonization and Stability
Yersinia enterocolitica (Ye) is one of the major causes of foodborne zoonosis. The BT4/O:3 bioserotype is most commonly isolated in human infections. Pigs are considered the main reservoir of Ye, and hence, understanding the dynamics of infection by this pathogen at the individual and group levels is crucial. In the present study, an experimental model was validated in Large White pigs infected with a BT4/O:3 strain. This study showed that Ye contamination in pigs may occur via the introduction of the bacteria not only by mouth but also by snout, with a colonization process consisting of three periods corresponding to three contamination statuses of pigs: P1, corresponding to the 24 h following ingestion or inhalation of Ye with the appearance of bacteria in tonsils or in feces; P2, from 2 days postinoculation (dpi), corresponding to expansion of Ye and colonization of the digestive system and extraintestinal organs associated with an IgG serological response; and P3, after 21 dpi, corresponding to regression of colonization with intermittent Ye detection in tonsils and feces. Although the inoculated strain persisted up to 56 dpi in all pigs, genetic variations with the loss of the gene yadA (a gene involved in human infection) and the emergence of two new multilocus variable-number tandemrepeat analysis (MLVA) profiles were observed in 33% of the 30 isolates studied. This experimental infection model of pigs by Ye provides new insights into the colonization steps in pigs in terms of bacterial distribution over time and bacterial genetic stability.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Emilie Esnault) 04 Oct 2023
https://anses.hal.science/anses-04228409v1
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[hal-04083477] Study of the effect of administration of narasin or antibiotics on in vivo selection of a narasin- and multidrug-resistant Enterococcus cecorum strain
Enterococcus cecorum is a member of the normal poultry gut microbiota and an emerging poultry pathogen. Some strains are resistant to key antibiotics and coccidiostats. We evaluated the impact on chicken excretion and persistence of a multidrug-resistant E. cecorum of administering narasin or antibiotics. E. cecorum CIRMBP-1294 (Ec1294) is non-wild-type to many antimicrobials, including narasin, levofloxacin, oxytetracycline and glycopeptides, it has a low susceptibility to amoxicillin, and carries a chromosomal vanA operon. Six groups of 15 chicks each were orally inoculated with Ec1294 and two groups were left untreated. Amoxicillin, oxytetracycline or narasin were administered orally to one group each, either at the recommended dose for five days (amoxicillin, oxytetracycline) or continuously (narasin). Faecal samples were collected weekly and caecal samples were obtained from sacrificed birds on day 28. Ec1294 titres were evaluated by culture on vancomycin- and levofloxacin-supplemented media in 5 % CO2. For inoculated birds given narasin, oxytetracycline or no antimicrobials, vancomycin-resistant enterococci were searched by culture on vancomycin-supplemented media incubated in air, and a PCR was used to detect the vanA gene. Ec1294 persisted in inoculated chicks up to day 28. Compared to the control group, the Ec1294 titre was significantly lower in the amoxicillin- and narasin-receiving groups on days 21 and 28, but was unexpectedly higher in the oxytetracycline-receiving group before and after oxytetracycline administration, preventing a conclusion for this group. No transfer of the vanA gene to other enterococci was detected. Other trials in various experimental conditions should now be conducted to confirm this apparent absence of co-selection of the multi-drug-resistant E. cecorum by narasin or amoxicillin administration.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Jeanne Laurentie) 27 Apr 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04083477v1
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[hal-04272844] Infectious bursal disease virus: predicting viral pathotype using machine learning models focused on early changes in total blood cell counts
Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an avian viral disease caused in chickens by infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). IBDV strains (Avibirnavirus genus, Birnaviridae family) exhibit different pathotypes, for which no molecular marker is available yet. The different pathotypes, ranging from sub-clinical to inducing immunosuppression and high mortality, are currently determined through a 10-day-long animal experiment designed to compare mortality and clinical score of the uncharacterized strain with references strains. Limits of this protocol lie within standardization and the extensive use of animal experimentation. The aim of this study was to establish a predictive model of viral pathotype based on a minimum number of early parameters measured during infection, allowing faster pathotyping of IBDV strains with improved ethics. We thus measured, at 2 and 4 days post-infection (dpi), the blood concentrations of various immune and coagulation related cells, the uricemia and the infectious viral load in the bursa of Fabricius of chicken infected under standardized conditions with a panel of viruses encompassing the different pathotypes of IBDV. Machine learning algorithms allowed establishing a predictive model of the pathotype based on early changes of the blood cell formula, whose accuracy reached 84.1%. Its accuracy to predict the attenuated and strictly immunosuppressive pathotypes was above 90%. The key parameters for this model were the blood concentrations of B cells, T cells, monocytes, granulocytes, thrombocytes and erythrocytes of infected chickens at 4 dpi. This predictive model could be a second option to traditional IBDV pathotyping that is faster, and more ethical.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Annonciade Molinet) 06 Nov 2023
https://hal.inrae.fr/hal-04272844v1
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[anses-04123704] Evaluation of early single dose vaccination on swine influenza A virus transmission in piglets: From experimental data to mechanistic modelling
Swine influenza A virus (swIAV) is a major pathogen affecting pigs with a huge economic impact and potentially zoonotic. Epidemiological studies in endemically infected farms permitted to identify critical factors favoring on-farm persistence, among which maternally-derived antibodies (MDAs). Vaccination is commonly practiced in breeding herds and might be used for immunization of growing pigs at weaning. Althoughinterference between MDAs and vaccination was reported in young piglets, its impact on swIAV transmission was not yet quantified. To this aim, this study reports on a transmission experiment in piglets with or without MDAs, vaccinated with a single dose injection at four weeks of age, and challenged 17 days post-vaccination. To transpose small-scale experiments to real-life situation, estimated parameters were used in a simulation tool to assess their influence at the herd level. Based on a thorough follow-up of the infection chain during the experiment, the transmission of the swIAV challenge strain was highly dependent on the MDA status of the pigs when vaccinated. MDA-positive vaccinated animals showed a direct transmission rate 3.6-fold higher than the one obtained in vaccinated animals without MDAs, estimated to 1.2. Vaccination nevertheless reduced significantly the contribution of airborne transmission when compared with previous estimates obtained in unvaccinated animals. The integration of parameter estimates in a large-scale simulation model, representing a typical farrow-to-finish pig herd, evidenced an extended persistence of viral spread when vaccination of sows and single dose vaccination of piglets was hypothesized. When extinction was quasi-systematic at year 5 post-introduction in the absence of sow vaccination but with single dose early vaccination of piglets, the extinction probability fell down to 33% when batch-to-batch vaccination was implemented both in breeding herd and weaned piglets. These results shed light on a potential adverse effect of single dose vaccination in MDA-positive piglets, which might lead to longer persistence of the SwIAV at the herd level.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Mathieu Andraud) 09 Jun 2023
https://anses.hal.science/anses-04123704v1
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[anses-04123731] Plasmid DNA Prime/Protein Boost Vaccination against Campylobacter jejuni in Broilers: Impact of Vaccine Candidates on Immune Responses and Gut Microbiota
Campylobacter infections, traced to poultry products, are major bacterial foodborne zoonoses, and vaccination is a potential solution to reduce these infections. In a previous experimental trial using a plasmid DNA prime/recombinant protein boost vaccine regimen, two vaccine candidates (YP437 and YP9817) induced a partially protective immune response against Campylobacter in broilers, and an impact of the protein batch on vaccine efficacy was suspected. This new study was designed to evaluate different batches of the previously studied recombinant proteins (called YP437A, YP437P and YP9817P) and to enhance the immune responses and gut microbiota studies after a C. jejuni challenge. Throughout the 42-day trial in broilers, caecal Campylobacter load, specific antibodies in serum and bile, the relative expression of cytokines and β-defensins, and caecal microbiota were assessed. Despite there being no significant reduction in Campylobacter in the caecum of vaccinated groups, specific antibodies were detected in serum and bile, particularly for YP437A and YP9817P, whereas the production of cytokines and β-defensins was not significant. The immune responses differed according to the batch. A slight change in microbiota was demonstrated in response to vaccination against Campylobacter. The vaccine composition and/or regimen must be further optimised.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Noémie Gloanec) 09 Jun 2023
https://anses.hal.science/anses-04123731v1
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[hal-04320100] Conception d'un banc expérimental pour l'étude des émissions d'aérosols chez le porc
Dans ce travail, nous avons conçu et testé un premier banc expérimental pour l'estimation des exhalaisons d'aérosols chez le porc. Ce nouveau banc, modulable et transportable, a été adapté à la manipulation dans des installations expérimentales protégées de niveau de biosécurité A3. Il permet de réaliser des mesures d'émission dans un environnement contrôlé. Outre la caractérisation des bioaérosols produits par l'animal, ce banc permet de contrôler la concentration en particules en utilisant un Aerosol Particle sizer (APS). Une première caractérisation pour déterminer le taux d'épuration et de dépôt du banc a été réalisée ainsi que des primomesures en animalerie sur des porcs exempts d'organismes pathogènes spécifiés de l'espèce ou EOPS.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (A Boulbair) 04 Dec 2023
https://hal.u-pec.fr/hal-04320100v1
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[anses-04040798] Research Note: Analysis of immune responses in broilers after vaccination against Campylobacter jejuni
Campylobacter infections traced mainly to poultry products are major bacterial foodborne zoonoses. Among the many control strategies evaluated at primary poultry level to reduce these infections, vaccination could be a solution, but no effective vaccines are available to date. A better understanding of the immune mechanisms involved in protection against Campylobacter would be helpful for designing novel vaccine strategies. The present study was designed to analyze in more depth the immune responses developed in broilers in order to potentially identify which immune parameters may be important for establishing protection against Campylobacter by comparing the immune responses obtained here with those obtained in a previous study performed on vaccinated specific-pathogen-free Leghorn chickens that presented a partial reduction of Campylobacter after experimental challenge. The protection against Campylobacter colonization was evaluated at different time points over 40 d of rearing, by measuring specific IgY levels in serum and IgA antibodies in bile reflecting the systemic and mucosal humoral responses respectively and the relative expressions of 9 cecal immune marker genes (cytokines and antimicrobial peptides), which reflect the innate and cellular immune responses. Despite no reduction of Campylobacter in the cecum, a systemic immune response over time characterized by the production of specific anti-flagellin IgY was observed, in addition to upregulation of the antimicrobial peptide avian b-defensin (AvBD) 12 gene expression in the cecum of vaccinated broilers compared with the placebo group. However, the levels of specific anti-flagellin mucosal IgA antibodies in the bile as well as the relative expression of other cecal cytokines studied was underexpressed in the vaccinated group or similar in both groups.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Noémie Gloanec) 22 Mar 2023
https://anses.hal.science/anses-04040798v1
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[hal-04320097] Caractérisation des particules exhalées par des porcs infectes par un virus influenza porcin
L’objectif principal de ce travail expérimental est la caractérisation physique et biologique des exhalaisons de modèles porcins infectés par un virus influenza porcin. Ces expérimentations sont conduites sur le site de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort de l’ANSES dans l’animalerie expérimentale de niveau de biosécurité A3. Un banc expérimental a été développé de manière à pouvoir isoler, collecter et caractériser les émissions respiratoires. La description technique du banc, la procédure expérimentale employée ainsi que des résultats préliminaires de caractérisation physique sont présentés.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (A Boulbair) 04 Dec 2023
https://hal.u-pec.fr/hal-04320097v1
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[hal-04343291] Potential of Marine Strains of Pseudoalteromonas to Improve Resistance of Juvenile Sea Bass to Pathogens and Limit Biofilm Development
The European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), one of the most produced marine fish species in Europe, is acutely vulnerable to multiple infectious hazards. In this study, we investigated the potential probiotic effect of some marine Pseudoalteromonas bacterial strains against two major pathogens of this species, Vibrio harveyi and the nervous necrosis virus (NNV), and examined their antibiofilm effect. Impregnation phase was done by repeated immersion of juvenile’s sea bass during 8 to 12 weeks in seawater containing the probiotic candidates at a concentration of 106 CFU/mL. Four candidates were tested: (1) a combination of two strains producing antimicrobial compounds, hCg-42 and hOe-125; (2) strain 3J6, with known antibiofilm properties; (3) strain RA15, from the same genus, but with no identified probiotic effect; and (4) a control group without probiotics. At the end of the impregnation phase, fish underwent an infection challenge with V. harveyi or with a pathogenic strain of NNV and mortality was monitored. For the V. harveyi challenge, improved survival rates of 10 and 25% were obtained for the RA15 and the mix hCg-42 + hOe-125-impregnated groups, respectively. For the NNV challenge, no significant benefic effect of the probiotics on infection kinetics or cumulative mortality was observed. At the end of the impregnation phase, the maximal thickness of biofilm was significantly lower in the 3J6, double strain, and RA15 groups, compared with the non-impregnated control group. This study highlights the interesting probiotic potential of marine bacteria to limit mortalities induced by bacterial pathogens as well as biofilm development.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Alexandra Rahmani) 22 Feb 2024
https://hal.science/hal-04343291v1
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[anses-04350409] Evaluation of Two Recombinant Protein-Based Vaccine Regimens against Campylobacter jejuni: Impact on Protection, Humoral Immune Responses and Gut Microbiota in Broilers
Campylobacter infections in humans are traced mainly to poultry products. While vaccinating poultry against Campylobacter could reduce the incidence of human infections, no vaccine is yet available on the market. In our previous study using a plasmid DNA prime/recombinant protein boost vaccine regimen, vaccine candidate YP437 induced partial protective immune responses against Campylobacter in broilers. In order to optimise vaccine efficacy, the vaccination protocol was modified using a protein prime/protein boost regimen with a different number of boosters. Broilers were given two or four intramuscular protein vaccinations (with the YP437 vaccine antigen) before an oral challenge by C. jejuni during a 42-day trial. The caecal Campylobacter load, specific systemic and mucosal antibody levels and caecal microbiota in the vaccinated groups were compared with their respective placebo groups and a challenge group (Campylobacter infection only). Specific humoral immune responses were induced, but no reduction in Campylobacter caecal load was observed in any of the groups (p > 0.05). Microbiota beta diversity analysis revealed that the bacterial composition of the groups was significantly different (p ≤ 0.001), but that vaccination did not alter the relative abundance of the main bacterial taxa residing in the caeca. The candidate vaccine was ineffective in inducing a humoral immune response and therefore did not provide protection against Campylobacter spp. infection in broilers. More studies are required to find new candidates.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Noémie Gloanec) 18 Dec 2023
https://anses.hal.science/anses-04350409v1
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[anses-04311437] Adaptation of the ASFV-989 live attenuated virus on continuous cell line, a step forward to become a vaccine candidate
African swine fever since its reintroduction in Georgia in 2007 has spread across Europe, Southeast Asia and Caribbean. ANSES Ploufragan laboratory has recently developed an experimental vaccine candidate, ASFV-989, by thermo-attenuation of the highly virulent pandemic ASFV strain Georgia 2007/1. ASFV-989 has proven to be safe and highly efficacious in challenge studies using the parental strain, either by intramuscular (IM) or oronasal (ON) routes. The next step to pass for further vaccine development is the adaptation of the ASFV-989-PAM grown on porcine alveolar macrophages, to a continuous cell line. Here, we will present data demonstrating the successful adaptation of ASFV-989 to grow on Swine Testis (ST) cells, with a replication kinetics similar to the ASFV-989-PAM. In vivo, 21 specific pathogen free pigs inoculated with the ASFV-989-ST strain, either IM (13) or ON (8), exhibited only a few cases of hyperthermia from D4 to D9 post-inoculation (pi) and a small decrease of growth performances during the first week pi. Animals immunized with the ASFV-989-ST strain showed a low vaccine viremia between D3 to D27pi in all IM inoculated and in 7/8 ON inoculated pigs. ASFV specific antibodies were detected from D11pi, and ASFV specific cell mediated response at D13pi. In pigs immunized with the ASFV-989-ST strain then challenged 4 weeks later with the Georgia 2007/1 strain, 1/6 pigs immunized IM developed ASF symptoms from D6 post challenge (pc) and had to be euthanatized at D8pc, when the 5 other pigs only displayed late and light hyperthermia. Only one ON immunized pig displayed hyperthermia during one day pc. In contrast, the 3 non-immunized pigs presented a fatal evolution in less than 1 week. In ASFV-989-ST immunized pigs, we saw a strong control of the Georgia strain viremia compared to non-immunized pigs. Georgia strain viremia was detected in 5/6 pigs immunized IM, and only in 1/6 pigs (1 time point) for the ON immunized pigs. In summary, the ASFV-989-ST presented a very good safety and efficacy for ON immunization. For IM immunization, the ASF-989-ST was safer than the original ASFV-989-PAM but less efficient, probably due to a suboptimal dose. Therefore, the ASFV-989-ST strain looks like a very good vaccine candidate that can be administered oronasally, a critical attribute for potential vaccination of wild boars populations. Further studies are needed to evaluate its stability and increase its efficacy for IM pig vaccination.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Marie-Frédérique Le Potier) 28 Nov 2023
https://anses.hal.science/anses-04311437v1
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[hal-04081993] Effects of dietary co-exposure to fungal and herbal functional feed additives on immune parameters and microbial intestinal diversity in rainbow trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>)
Misuse and overuse of antibiotics in aquaculture has proven to be an unsustainable practice leading to increased bacterial resistance. An alternative strategy involves the inclusion of immunostimulants in fish diets, especially fungal and herbal compounds already authorized for human consumption, hence without environmental or public health concerns. In this study, we used a holistic and cross-disciplinary pipeline to assess the immunostimulatory properties of two fungi: Trametes versicolor and Ganoderma lucidum; one herbal supplement, capsaicin in the form of Espelette pepper (Capsicum annuum), and a combination of these fungal and herbal additives on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). We investigated the impact of diet supplementation for 7 weeks on survival, growth performance, cellular, humoral, and molecular immune parameters, as well as the intestinal microbial composition of the fish. Uptake of herbal and fungal compounds influenced the expression of immune related genes, without generating an inflammatory response. Significant differences were detected in the spleen-tlr2 gene expression. Supplementation with herbal additives correlated with structural changes in the fish intestinal microbiota and enhanced overall intestinal microbial diversity. Results demonstrated that the different treatments had no adverse effect on growth performance and survival, suggesting the safety of the different feed additives at the tested concentrations. While the mechanisms and multifactorial interactions remain unclear, this study provides insights not only in regard to nutrition and safety of these compounds, but also how a combined immune and gut microbiota approach can shed light on efficacy of immunostimulant compounds for potential commercial inclusion as feed supplements.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Julia Mougin) 26 Apr 2023
https://ulco.hal.science/hal-04081993v1
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[anses-04127004] Analysis of a multi-type resurgence of Mycobacterium bovis in cattle and badgers in Southwest France, 2007-2019
Although control measures to tackle bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle have been successful in many parts of Europe, this disease has not been eradicated in areas where Mycobacterium bovis circulates in multi-host systems. Here we analyzed the resurgence of 11 M. bovis genotypes (defined based on spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR) detected in 141 farms between 2007 and 2019, in an area of Southwestern France where wildlife infection was also detected from 2012 in 65 badgers. We used a spatially-explicit model to reconstruct the simultaneous diffusion of the 11 genotypes in cattle farms and badger populations. Effective reproduction number R was estimated to be 1.34 in 2007-2011 indicating a self-sustained M. bovis transmission by a maintenance community although within-species Rs were both &lt; 1, indicating that neither cattle nor badger populations acted as separate reservoir hosts. From 2012, control measures were implemented, and we observed a decrease of R below 1. Spatial contrasts of the basic reproduction ratio suggested that local field conditions may favor (or penalize) local spread of bTB upon introduction into a new farm. Calculation of generation time distributions showed that the spread of M. bovis has been more rapid from cattle farms (0.5-0.7 year) than from badger groups (1.3-2.4 years). Although eradication of bTB appears possible in the study area (since R &lt; 1), the model suggests it is a long-term prospect, because of the prolonged persistence of infection in badger groups (2.9-5.7 years). Supplementary tools and efforts to better control bTB infection in badgers (including vaccination for instance) appear necessary.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Malika Bouchez-Zacria) 13 Jun 2023
https://anses.hal.science/anses-04127004v1
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[hal-04310104] Effect of environmental enrichments on leg health and behaviour of fast-growing broiler chickens reared at two different stocking densities
In conventional rearing systems, fast-growing broiler chickens reared at high stocking densities commonly experience welfare issues, in particular leg problems such as contact dermatitis or walking impairment. Enriching their environment may be a way to reduce the occurrence of these issues, thus improving their welfare. The objective of this study was to evaluate the benefits of elevated platforms and straw bales on the welfare of fast-growing broiler chickens reared at two different stocking densities. A total of 14,994 Ross 308 broilers were housed in 12 pens according to 4 treatments: 31 kg/m2 with or without enrichments and 41 kg/m2 with or without enrichments. The broilers’ walking ability was evaluated at 26 and 32 days of age. Footpad dermatitis (FPD) and hock burns (HB) were assessed at 25 days of age and at slaughterhouse in post-mortem observation. Stocking density had a negative effect on FPD and HB, whereas enrichments reduced the occurrence of FPD and HB at both densities. There was a positive enrichment effect and a negative density effect on walking ability. Preliminary work was also done on broilers’ interactions with the elevated platform and straw bales at both stocking densities. Direct observations of the use of the enrichments were done at 4, 7, 12, 15, 18, 21, 26, 28 and 32 days of age and, videos of animal behaviour undisturbed by human presence were obtained from camera recording from 0 to 16 days of age at six time points of each day, 5 am, 7 am, 12 am, 2 pm, 5 pm and 7 pm. For both types of observations, the use of enrichment by the broilers was recorded: perching on the platform or ramps, clustering around the straw bales and standing on top of straw bales.
ano.nymous@ccsd.cnrs.fr.invalid (Frédérique Mocz) 27 Nov 2023
https://hal.science/hal-04310104v1
